Barack Obama

There's no doubt that the United States remains the world's greatest economic, cultural, diplomatic, technological and military power. But as Obama enters the final year of his presidency, it's clear his influence is shrinking, and it's a bigger struggle than ever to get things done. At home, his approval ratings are perpetually stuck under 50%; abroad, he's outshined by Angela Merkel in Europe, and outmaneuvered by Putin in the Middle East.

Angela Merkel

German Chancellor Angela Merkel continues her reign as the most powerful woman on the planet for 10 years running. Why? She clinched a third four-year term of Europe's most vibrant economy in December 2014, making her the longest-serving elected EU head of state. She fought off a national recession during the global economic crisis with stimulus packages and government subsidies for companies that cut hours for workers, and she is in the thick of trying to help Greece revive its economy. 

She has used her power against ISIS, breaking the post-Nazi-era taboo of direct involvement in military actions by sending arms to Kurdish fighters. In the Russia-Ukraine crisis, she has been engaging in shuttle diplomacy trying to broker a peace deal with Vladimir Putin. There's only one woman who has a chance of endangering her tenure as No. 1 in 2016 -- the world's No. 2 most powerful woman.

Vladimir Putin

Russia's president continues to prove he's one of the few men in the world powerful enough to do what he wants --and get away with it. International sanctions set in place after he seized Crimea and waged war-by-proxy in the Ukraine have kneecapped the Ruble and driven Russia into deepening recession, but haven't hurt Putin one bit: In June his approval ratings reached an all-time high of 89%. In October, he bombed ISIS forces in Syria and then met face-to-face with President Assad, making the U.S. and NATO look weak in the region, and helping rebuild Russian influence abroad.

The dump of millions of documents leaked from Panama offshore accounts implicatesVladimir Putin’s inner circle. We already knew that Putin and his Kremlin kleptocrats were robbing Russia of its assets for personal gain, but the Panama Papers provide a proof in black and white, which Putin’s propaganda team cannot refute. This damning evidence will inevitably play a role in the upcoming parliamentary elections in September.

Leonardo da Vinci

            He used to draw pictures everywhere. If he got the time, he would indulge in drawing of pictures everywhere-either on sand or on paper. Once, he drew a picture of anaconda emitting fire from its mouth. Looking at this dangerous lively picture, his father, too, frightened a lot.

            He was non- other than a world famous artists Leo Nardo Da Vinci, an Italian polymath, scientist, mathematician, engineer, inventor, anatomist, painter, sculptor,architect, botanist, musician and writer. he was born on April 15, 1452, at the third hour of the night in the Tuscan hill town of Vinci of Florence as the illegitimate son of a notary, Piero da Vinci, and a peasant woman, Caterina. Leonardo was educated in the studio of the renowned Florentine painter, Verrocchio. Much of his earlier working life was spent in the service of Ludovico il Moro in Milan. He later worked in Rome, bologna and Venice and spent his last years in France, at the home awarded him by Francis I.

           Leonardo was and is renowned primarily as a painter. Two of his works, the Mona Lisa and The Last Supper, are the most famous; most reproduced and most parodied portrait and religious painting of all time. Leonardo's drawing of the Vitruvian man is also regarded as a cultural icon. Perhaps fifteen of his paintings survive due to his constant, and frequently disastrous, experimentation with new techniques, and his chronic procrastination. Nevertheless, these few works, together with his notebooks, which contain drawings, scientific diagrams and his thoughts on the nature of painting, comprise a contribution to later generations of artists only raveled by that of his contemporary. Michelangelo. Along with the painting Leonardo conceptualized a helicopter, a tank, concentrated solar power, a calculator, the double hull. He outlined a rudimentary theory of plate  tectonics. As a scientist, he greatly advanced the state of knowledge in the fields of anatomy, civil engineering, optics, and hydrodynamics.

            Little is known about Leonardo's early life. He spent his first five years in the hamlet of Anchiano, and then lived in the household of his father, grandparents and uncle, Francesco, in the small town of Vinci. Leonardo's early life has been the subject of historical conjecture. In 1466, at the age of fourteen, Leonardo was apprenticed to one of the most successful artists of his day, Andrea di Cione, known as Verrocchio. Leonardo would have been exposed to a was range of technical skills and had the opportunity to learn drafting, chemistry, metallurgy, metal working, plaster casting, leather working, mechanics and carpentry as well as the artistic skills of drawing, painting, sculpting and modeling.

           By 1472, at the age of twenty, Leonardo qualified as a master in the Guild of St Luke, the guild of artists and doctors of medicine. His earliest known dated work is a drawing in pen and ink of the  Arno valley, drawn on august 5, 1473. In 1482 Leonardo created a silver lyre in the shape of a horse's head. He continued work in Milan between 1482 and 1499. He worked on many different projects for Ludovico.

           Leonardo remained as painter, observer, scientist and inventor for the world. Leonardo was not only a prolific painter, but also a most prolific draftsman. As a successful artist, he was given permission to dissect human corpse at the Hospital of Santa Maria Nuova in Florence and later at hospitals in Milan and Rome. He also studied and drew the anatomy of many other animals as well, dissecting cows, birds monkeys, bears, and frogs, and comparing in his drawings their anatomical structure with that of humans. He also made a number of studies of horses. During his lifetime Leonardo was valued as an engineer. In 1502, Leonardo produced a drawing of a single span 720- foot (240 m) bridge as part of a civil engineering project for Ottoman Sultan Beyazid II of Istanbul. For much of his life, Leonardo was fascinated by the phenomenon of flight, producing many studies of the flight of birds as well as plans for several flying machines, including a helicopter and a light hang glider.

           Regarding his immortal art, his paintings have been regarded as the supreme masterpieces ever created. These Paintings are famous for a variety of qualities. All these qualities come together in his most famous painted works the Mona Lisa, the last Supper and the Virgin of the Rocks. But his most famous painting of the 1490s is the Last Super. The painting represents the last meal shared by Jesus with his disciples before his capture and death. Similarly, another most famous works created by Leonardo in the 1500s in the small portrait known as the Mona Lisa or "la Gioconda", the laughing one. the painting is famous, in particular, for the elusive smile on the woman's face, its mysterious quality brought about perhaps by the fact that the artist has subtly shadowed the corners of the mouth and eyes so that the exact nature of the smile cannot be determined. It really made him a prominent painter and artist of the world.

           But at the age of 67, on May 2, 1519, Leonardo died at Clos Luce. The interest in Leonardo's genius has continued unabated; experts study and translate his writings, analyze his paintings using scientific techniques, argue over attributions and search for works which have been recorded but never found. regarding his all round genius, Hippolyte Taine wrote in 1866: "There may not be in the world an example of another genius so universal, so incapable of fulfillment, so full of yearning for the infinite, so naturally refined, so far ahead of his own century and the following centuries."

Leo Tolstoy

             He was too sentimental, so, touched easily by any event. He took everything seriously and studied minutely. Once, he was sitting on the roof of his house, he saw the birds flying. He overwhelmed by it. In his emotion, he found himself a bird and jumped from there flapping his both hands. But he fell on the rose bush that prevented his life.

            Such a sentimental and overwhelming fellow was Leo Tolstoy - one of the greatest novelists of the world. He is best known for his realistic novel. He was born on September 9, 1828 in Yasnaya Pollyanna, Russia. The Tolstoys are a well-known family of Old Russian Nobility, and he was connected to the grandest families fo Russian aristocracy. His parents died when he was young, and he and his siblings were raised by relatives. In 1844, he began studying law and Oriental languages at Kazan University, where teachers described him as both "unable and unwilling to learn." He left university in the middle of his studies, returned to Yasnaya Polyana, and spent much of his time in Moscow and St. peters burg. In 1851, after contracting heavy gambling debts, he accompanied his elder brother to the Caucasus and joined the Russian army. He began writing literature around this time.

           But, during his 1857 visit, when Tolstoy witnessed a public execution in Paris, it turned him to the non-violent and spiritual anarchist. His European trip in 1860-61 shaped both his political and literary transformation when he met victor Hugo, whose literary talents inspired him and he widely praised as well. Tolstoy's political philosophy was also influenced by a March 1861 visit to French anarchist Pierre-Joseph Proudhon, then living in exile under an assumed name in Brussels.

          Tolstoy served as a second lieutenant in an artillery regiment during the Crimean War, recounted in his Sevastopol Sketches. His experiences in battle helped to develop his pacifism, and gave him material for realistic depiction of the horrors of war in his later work. his fiction consistently attempts to convey realistically the Russian society in which he lived. War and Peace and The Cossack are some examples of it. But he not only drew the theme and characters from his experience of life but also created in his own image.

            Tolstoy was greatly influenced by Schopenhauer's spiritual thought and morality. So, after reading passages of Schopenhauer ethical chapters, Tolstoy, the Russian nobleman, chose poverty and denial fo the will. Tolstoy's Christian beliefs were also based on the Sermon on the Mount, and particularly on the phrase about turn the other cheek, which he saw as a justification for pacifism, nonviolence and nonresistance. He believed that a true Christian could find lasting happiness by striving for inner self-perfection through following the Great Commandment of loving one's neighbor and God rather than looking outward to the Church or state for guidance and meaning. His belief in nonresistance (nonviolence) is another distinct attribute of his philosophy based on Christ's teachings. By directly influencing Mahatma Gandhi with this idea through his work The Kingdom of God is Within You, Tolstoy has had a huge influence on the nonviolent resistance movement to this day. He believed that the aristocracy was a burden on the poor, and that the only solution to how we live together is through anarchism.

            Tolstoy a letter wrote in 1908 to an Indian newspaper entitled "Letter to a Hindu". "The Kingdom of God is within You" had convinced Gandhi to abandon violence and espouse nonviolent resistance. But the correspondence between Tolstoy and Gandhi would  only last a year. Besides non-violent resistance, the two men shared a common belief in the merits of vegetarianism, too. In 1904, during the Russo-Japanese War, Tolstoy condemned the war and wrote to the Japanese Buddhist priest Soyen Shaku in a failed attempt to make a joint pacifist statement.

             Tolstoy was a wealthy member of the Russian nobility. He came to believe that he was undeserving of his inherited wealth, and was renowned among the peasantry for his generosity. He would frequently return to his country estate with vagrants whom he felt needed a helping hand, and would often dispense large sums of money to street beggars while on trips to the city. But such a generous figure died by pneumonia at Apostasy station in 1910. The millions of people attended his funerals. the police tried to limit access to his funeral procession, but thousands of peasants lined the streets at his funeral.

           Tolstoy was one of the giants of 19th century Russian literature. His most famous works include the novels War and Peace and Anna Karenina, and many shorter works, including the novellas The Death of lvan Ilyich and Hadji Murad. His contemporaries paid him lofty tributes. Dostoevsky thought him the greatest of all living novelists while Gustavus Flaubert gushed: "What an artist and wht a psychologist!". Similarly, Virginia Woolf went on to declare him "Greatest of all novelists!", and James Joyce noted: "He is never dull, never stupid, never tried, never pedantic, never theatrical!". Thomas Mann wrote: "Seldom did art work so much like nature".

             Tolstoy's further talents as essayist, dramatist, and educational reformer made him the most influential member of the aristocratic Tolstoy family. His literal interpretation of the ethical teachings of Jesus, centering on the Sermon on the Mount, caused him in later life to become a fervent Christian anarchist and pacifist. His ideas on nonviolent resistance, were to have a profound impact on such pivotal twentieth-century figures and Gandhi and Martin Luther King, Jr.            

Laxmi P. Devkota

             He wrote his first epic, Shakuntala, in three months. It is said that Puskar Shumshere Ranachallenged him to write another epic in thirty days and Devkota responded by handing hi the manuscript of his second epic, Sulochana, in ten days. Not only this, he could easily converse in poetry. He was a bit famous for his talents of creating the piece of poetry on the spot.

           Such a spontaneous genius was Laxmi Prasad Devkota, one of the greatest Nepali poets, born to Tilmadav Devtoka and Amar Rajyalaxmi as a third son. He was born in 1909 (B.S. 1966 Kartik 27) at the night of laxmi Puja, a great festival, and his parents named him after the goddess regarding an omen. It was an omen indeed, but of different kind. Instead of the devotee of Laxmi, the goddess of wealth, Devlota after all turned to be a good devotee of Sarawsoti, the goddess of education and learning. So, the rivalry between the two goddesses was played out in Devkota's life. He was known as Mahakabi, the great poet, and lived and died a poor man.

           When Devkota was born in Dillibazaar, Kathmandu, in 1909, the country was ruled by the Rana obligarchy. The Rana administration was not enthusiastic about educating the masses, so the permit to study was a privilege. Devkota's family went through a lot of ruble to enroll him at Durbar School, the only school in the Kathmandu Valley. Devkota wrote his first poems at school. He is said to be a quiet student who preferred reading and writing. He proved to be an excellent pupil and was married at the age of fifteen while at school.

           After graduating from school with high marks, Devkota enrolled in the science program at Tri Chandra College in 1925 and began to read English Poetry. Writers of the romantic era were a particularly strong influence on Devkota and he incorporated same of their themes in his work. Devkota completed his Intermediate of Science degree and switched to arts. He received his bachelor's degree in arts in 1929 and went to Patna, India, and was impressed by the libraries he saw there. he and his friends then wrote a letter to the Rana prime minister requesting permission to open a library in Kathmandu. Since the administration took a dim view of providing uncensored information, Devkota and his friends were put in prison. They were released after paying heavy fines.

            In 1931, Devkota went back to Patna on scholarship hoping to study English for his Master's degree. But seats were not available so he studied for the Bachelor of Law degree instead. After he received the degree, he returned home and felt the first shocks of poverty that would trouble him for the rest of his life. Despite tutoring to supplement his earning, sometimes for fourteen hours a day, financial problems never left him. Muna Madan waws among the creations of this time. the book challenged Sanskrit scholars determined good poetry as those following the Sanskrit form, Muna Madan was based on the Audrey folk tune. The book received recognition from the Ranas and a significant purse fo Rs. 100.

            Financial troubles followed Devkota throughout his life. Part of the problem was his generous nature. He gave money to people who came to him with hard luck stories. One cold winter day he gave the coat he was wearing to a beggar shivering at the roadside. The mid-thirties were a terrible time for Devkota. His dearest and nearest died within two years. It struck him badly. Devkota was never a smoker at school or college, but when he learned to smoke, he became a chain smoker. He was exceedingly nervous and began to complain that everything hurt him. His brothers were worried enough to put him in  mental hospital in Ranchi, India, for five months in 1939.

            In 1943 Devkota was selected to represent writers in the Nepal Bhasanuwad Parished, a state organization that acted as a censorship board. He wrote a lot during this time and tutored for long hours. Most of his works were unconventional. He had a habit of inventing new words to suit his poetic requirements. Devkota became a professor at Tri-Chandra College in 1946. But surprisingly, he left Nepal without any obvious reason and wroked in exile in Benaras, India. He was editor of Yugbani, an opposition paper. He also wrote Pahadi Pukar, a book that addressed people's poverty in Nepal. The book was banned in Nepal. the Ranas invited him back to the country. After the democratic movement was successful, he helped publish Indreni, a bilingual, and was a part of the influential Royal Nepal Academy.

             Even as he was having financial worries, he was getting high appreciation and by 1957, he had become minister of education though he was not an active politician. At this time he suffered from what doctors at first thought was gastric ulcer. By 1958, cancer was diagnosed and since Devkota did not have enough money, King Mahendra gave him Rs. 5,000 after complaints in the local papers and the India for treatment. Three inches of cancerous color was removed. There was much pain towards the end of his life and perhaps this explains his bitterness. As a cycle, Devkota died in 1959 (B.S 1016 Bhadra 29) in sorrow, thinking that he achieved nothing. he asked that Muna Madan be preserved even if all his other works faded away. Muna Madan is the must popular of Nepalese works today and though Devkota felt himself a beggar towards the end of his life, he is revered by his country people as a god of Nepalese literature.

Karl Marx

            He argued that socio-economic change occurred through organized revolutionary action. He argued that capitalism will end through the organized actions of an international working class, led by a Communist Party.


            Such a hopeful redial was Heinrich Marx known as Karl Marx, the son of Hirschel and Henrieta Marx, born in Trier, Germany, in 1818. Hirschel Marx was a lawyer and to escape anti-Semitism divided to abandon his Jewish faith when Karl was a child. Although the majority of people living in Trier were Catolics, Marx divided to become a Protestant. He also changed his name from Hirschel to Heinrich. After schooling in Trier, Marx entered Bonn University to study law. At university he spent much of his time socializing and running up large debts. His father was horrified when he discovered that Karl had been wounded in a duel. Heinrich Marx agreed to pay off his son's debts but insisted that he moved to the more sedate Berlin University.

             The move to Berlin resulted in a change in Marx and for the next few years he worked hard at his studies. Marx came under the influence of one of his lecturers, bruno bauer, whose atheism and radical political opinions got him into trouble with the authorities. Bauer introduced Marx to the writings of G.W.F. Hegel, who had been the professor of philosophy at Berlin until his death in 1931. Marx was especially impressed by Hegel's theory that a thing or thought could not be separated from its opposite. For example, the slave could not exist without the master, and vice versa. regal argued that unity would eventually be achieved by the equalizing of all opposites, by means of the dialectic of thesis, antithesis and synthesis. This was Hegel's theory of the Evolving process of history.

           After his father's death in 1838, he tried his best to be a journalist. But due to his extreme political views, most of the editors were unwilling to publish his articles. So, he moved to Cologne where the city's liberal opposition movement was fairly strong. There, he published an article where he defended the freedom of the press. As a result, in 1842, Marx was appointed as the editor of the newspaper The Rhenish Gazette. He made his alliance with the socialists and the Russian anarchist, Micheal Barunin and the radical son of a wealthy German industrialist, Friedrich engels while he was in Paris.

            In Paris, Marx was shocked by their poverty but impressed by their sense of comradeship. So, he wrote an article for the Franco-German Annals applying Hegel's dialectic theory. Marx, who now described himself as a communist, argued that the working alass (the proletariat), would eventually be the emancipators of society. When published in 1844, the journal was immediately banned in Germany. While in Paris he became a close friend of Friedrich Engels who helped to financially support Marx and his family.

            In January 1846 Marx set up a communist Correspondence Committee. The plan was to try and link together socialist leaders living in different parts of Europe. Influenced by Marx's ideas, socialists in England held a conference in London where they formed a new organization called the Communist League with the aims of "overthrow of the bourgeoisie, the domination of the proletariat, the abolition of the old bourgeois society based on class antagonisms, and the establishment of a new society without classes and without private property".

             When Maarx published The Communist Manifesto in February, 1848, based on a draft produced by Friendrich Engels called the Principles of communism, it encouraged the revolutionary atmosphere throughout Europe. After that Marx remained under a great threat and suspect on European authority. Despite all his problems Marx continued to work and in 1867 the first volume of Das Kapital, a detailed analysis of capitalism was published. The book dealt with important concepts such as surplus value (the notion that a worker receives only the exchange-value, not the use-value, of his labor), division of labor (where workers become a "mere appendage of the machine") and the industrial reserve army (the theory that capitalism creates unemployment as a means of keeping the workers in check). In the final part of Das kapital Marx deals with the issue fo revolution. Marx argued that the laws of capitalism will bring about its destruction. That's why; he became a headache to capitalists.

            Getting inspiration from him, the revolution began throughout the world. But when the Paris Commune was suppressed and about 30,000 Communal were slaughtered by government troops, Marx remained depressed and apter this date his energy began to diminish. He became unable to finish the full volume of Das Kapital. Being struck by his daughter's death, Marks was died on the 14th March, 1883.

           Marx is taken as a great German philosopher, political economist, historian, political theorist, sociologist, communist and a revolutionary credited as the founder of communism. In China Mao Zedong also portrayed himself as an heir to Marx. He is taken as the patron of all working classes and the leader of labors; and his philosophy as their hymn.

Jawaharlal Nehru

               Nehru was born in the city of Allahabad, situated along the banks of the Gages River. He was the eldest child of Swarup Rani and the wealthy barrister Motilal Nahru. The Nehru family descended from Kashmiri heritage and belonged to the Kashmiri saraswat brahmin cast of Hindus. His parents moved to Allahabad where he was raised with English customs, mannerisms and dress. While learning Hindi and Sanskrit, Nehru trained for fluent and regular converse in English. The son of the wealthy Indian barrister and politician Motilal Nehru, Nehru became a leader a leader of the left-wing of the Indian National Congress at a remarkably young age. Rising to Congress President under the mentor ship of Mahatma Gandhi, Nehru was a charismatic, radical leader, advocating complete independence from the British Empire, and was eventually recognized as Gandhi's political heir. A life-long liberal, Nehru was also an advocate for Fabian socialism and the public sector.

             Once elected, Nehru headed an interim government, which was impaired by outbreaks of communal violence and political disorder, and the opposition of the Musilim League led by Muhammad Ali Jinnah, who were demanding a separate Muslim state fo Pakistan. After failed bids to form coalitions, Nehru reluctantly supported the partition of India as per a plan released by the British on 3 June 1947.

             Nehru raised the flag of independent India in New Delhi on 15 August 1947, and served as Prime Minister. Nehru's appreciation for parliamentary democracy coupled with concerns for the poor and underprivileged enabled him to formulate policies that often reflected his socialist leanings. Both as prime minister and as Congress president, Nehru pushed through the India Parliament, dominated by members of his own party, a series of legal reforms intended to emancipate Hindu women and bring equality. these reforms included rising of the minimum marriageable age from twelve to fifteen, empowering women to divorce their husbands and inherit property, and declaring illegal the ruinous dowry system. His long tenure was instrumental in shaping the traditions and structures of independent India. His daughter Indira Gandhi and grandson Rajiv Gandhi served as the Prime Ministers of India.

            Being the first prime mister, Nehru launched first Five-Year Plan in 1951, pursued land redistribution, pioneered a series of cottage industries, harnessed hydroelectricity and nuclear energy. He was a passionate advocate of education for India's children and youth, believing it essential for India's future progress. Under Nehru, the Indian Parliament enacted many changes to Hindu law to criminalize caste discrimination and increase the legal rights and social freedoms of women. a system of reservations in government services and educational institutions was created to eradicate the social inequalities and disadvantages faced by peoples of the scheduled castes and scheduled tribes. Nehru also championed secularism and religious harmony, increasing the representation of minorities in government.

            As India's first prime minister and external affairs minister, Jawaharalal Nehru played a major role in shaping modern India's government and political culture along with sound foreign policy. He is praised for creating a system providing universal primary education, reaching children in the farthest corners of rural India. Nehru is credited for establishing a widespread system of affirmative action to provide equal opportunities and rights for India's ethnic groups, minorities, women, scheduled castes and scheduled tribes. Nehru's passion for egalitarianism meant that he put the state to work to try and end widespread practices of discrimination against women and depressed classes.

            On the international scene, Nehru was a champion of pacifism and a strong supporter of the United Nations. He pioneered the policy of non-alignment and co-founded the Non-Aligned Movement of nations professing neutrality between the ravel blocs led by the U.S. and the U.S.S.R. As one of the founders of the Non-aligned Movement, he was an important figure in the international politics of the post-war era.

            In his lifetime, Jawaharlal Nehru enjoyed an iconic states in India and was widely admired across the world for his idealism and statesmanship. His birthday, 14 November, is celebrated in India as Children's Day in recognition of his life ling passion and work for the welfare, education and development of children and young people. Nehru remains a popular symbol of the Congress Party which frequently celebrates his memory. Nehru's ideals and policies continue to shape the Congress Party's manifesto and core political philosophy.

            Nehru's health began declining steadily, and he was forced to spend months recuperating in Kashmir through 1963. upon his return from Kashmir in may 1964, Nehru suffered a stroke and later a heart attack. he died in the early hours of 27 May 1964. Nehru was cremated in accordance with Hindu rites at the Shantivana on the banks of the Yamuna River, witnessed by hundreds of thousands of mourners who had flocked into the streets of Delhi and the cremation grounds.

Helen Adams Keller

              Helen Adams Keller was born at an estate called lvy Green in Tuscumbia, Alabama, on June 27, 1880, to captain Arthur H. Keller and Kate Adams Keller. The Keller family originates from Germany. Helen Keller was not born blind and deaf. It was not until she was nineteen months old. To this day the nature of her ailment remains a mastery the doctors of the time called it "brain fever", whilst modern day doctors think it may have been scarlet fever or meningitis. The illness did not last for a particularly long time, but it left her deaf and blind. At that time, her only communication partner was Martha  Washington, the  six-year-old daughter of the family cook, who was able to creates sign language with her, by the age of seven, she had over sixty home signs to communicate with her family. According to Soviet blind-deaf psychologist A. Meshcheryakov, Martha's friendship and teaching was crucial for Helen's later developments.

             In 1886, Helen's mother inspired by an account in Charles Dicken's American Notes of the successful education of another deaf and blind child. She was consulted with an eye, ear, nose, and throat specialist in Baltimore who advised her to keep in touch with Alexander Graham Bell, Who was working with deaf children at the time. Bell advised to be admitted in Perkins Institute for the Blind where she met Anne Sullivan, a former student of this institute who brought a drastic change in her life. In May, 1888, Keller attended the Perkins Institute for the Blind. In 1894, Helen Keller and Anne Sullivan moved to New York to attend the Wright-Humason School for the deaf and Horace Mann School for the Deaf. In 1896, they returned to Massachusetts and Keller entered The Cambridge School for Young Ladies in 1900 to Radcliffe College. In 1904, at the age of 24, Keller graduated from Radcliffe, becoming the first deaf blind person to earn a Bachelor of Arts degree.

             Anne Sullivan arrived at Keller's house in March 1887, and immediately began to teach Helen to communicate by spelling words into her hand, beginning with d-o-l-l for the doll that she had brought Keller as a present. Keller's big breakthrough in communication came in April the same years, when she realized that the motions her teacher was making on the palm of her hand, while running cool water over her other hand, symbolized the names of all the other familiar objects in her world. Later Keller learned Braille and used it to read not only English but also French, German, Greek, and Latin.

             Keller went on to became a world-famous speaker and author. She is remembered as an advocate for people with disabilities amid numerous other causes. she was a suffragist, a pacifist, a radical socialist, and a birth control supporter. In 1915, Helen Keller and George kessler founded the Helen Keller International (HKI) organization. This organization is devoted to research in vision, health and nutrition. In 1920, she helped to found the American Civil Liberties Union (ACLU). Keller and Sullivan traveled to over 39 countries collecting the funds for the disabled. Keller was a member of the Socialist Party and actively campaigned and wrote in support of the working classes.

             Keller published so many books including her world inspiring autobiography. The Frost King (1891), The Story of My Life (1903), The World I Live In (1908), Out of the Dark (1913), Light in my Darkness (1927), etc. are some of the examples which really shook the world.

             But the year 1936 became the year of great loss to Keller. she lost her light of life, feet of the world and the voice of the world Anne Sullivan. She suffered for long on her loss but remembered her traveling worldwide raising fund for the blind. She suffered a series of strokes in 1961 and spent the last years of her life at her home. Keller devoted much of her later life to raise funds for the American foundation for the Blind. She died in her sleep on June 1, 1968 at her home. Arcan Ridge, located in Easton, Connecticut. A service was held in her honor at the National Cathedral in Washington, D.C. and her ashes were placed there next to her constant companions, Anne Sullivan and Polly Thompson.

             she was credited with great honor by the world. On September 14, 1964, President Lyndon B. Johnson awarded Helen Keller the Presidential Medal of freedom, one of the United states' highest two civilian honors. In 1965 she was elected to the National Women's Hall of Fame at the New York World's Fair. There made a numerous documentaries, films, stories, theatrical performances relating her biography and works. In 1999, Keller was listed in Gallup's Most Widely admired People of the 20th Century. In 2003, Alabama honored its native daughter on its state quarter. The Helen Keller Hospital in Sheffield, Alabama is dedicated to her. There is a street named after Helen Keller in Getafe, Spain.

Galileo Galilee

              He was a very different man to Copernicus. For one  thing , he was not afraid of the controversy that he knew his new idea would produce. He was not at ignorant of the true meaning of what he was saying. He intended to replace the authority of the church with another authority, because he believed the new authority - that of science. He did not fudge (avoid giving clear answer) as Copernicus had done. he really wanted to bring about a revolutionary change in the way man thought about things.

              Yes he was Galileo Galilee, an Italian astronomer, physicist and mathematician; and the advocate of the Copernican theory that the  Earth rotates around the sun. He was one of the earliest representatives of the modern scientific world view where the Aristotelian philosophy was rejected; physics was to be gained by observation and experiment.
           
              Galileo was born in Pisa (Italy) in 1564. He was a Roman catholic and he lived in a catholic country. He studied at Pisa and taught mathematics at Padua. He was a leading mathematical physicist of his age. He deserved unique characteristics since his childhood. Once in his teen age, he reached at a church where he got so many strange things. Everybody visiting church had got no newness and strange over there. But instead of the other happenings or the praying of the church, that boy was fully fascinated by the bulbs hanging and swinging on the roof. He minutely observed their motion. He took it as his case of study. On the basis of same curiosity, he later invented pulse meter used to measure the pulse of human being.
         
              As a young man, Galileo conducted elegant (clever but simple) experiments showing the inadequacy of Aristotle's theory of violent motion. He studied the pendulum and showed that it, like the planets, sweeps out equal areas in equal times.
           
              But due to the poor financial status of his family and the sudden death of his father in 1591, he had to take the sole responsibility of his family. So, just to live there, he had to run so many tuition classes and had to labor hard which restricted him to pay more attention in his new discovery. But still he didn't lose his patience. While working in Venice in the spring of 1609, his troubles began when and where he learnt of the recent inventions of the telescope. Later, after returning to Padua he made a telescope of his own and undertook a series of observations.

             The first thing Galileo looked at with his telescope was the Moon and discovered that the surface of the Moon was not smooth. There are mountains and valleys. He looked at Jupiter and discovered its moons. Again, he turned his telescope on the Sun and discovered the curious spots on the Sun's surface. These dark areas were not constant. he could see them changed in shape and position from night to night, from month to month.

              Excited by his experiments, in 1611, Galileo went to Rome. He took his telescope with him. Many people were impressed by his findings when he said that he could prove mathematically that the Earth goes around the Sun not the Earth, that Ptolemy was wrong and Copernicus right.

             But it was the erecting finger and a direct threat to the pontifical (related to pope) court which was not easily taken by church. Even hes great inventions and observations were misinterpreted by church authority and tried to make him compel to give up his job, but being  innocent and having faith on his observation Galileo didn't surrender himself in front of the church. That's why, after all he was condemned to life imprisonment (served in house arrant) in 1633 where he was restricted to do any publishing works. But he was not a passive onlooker. Even in the imprisonment, by taking help of his daughter, he completed his one of the precious work - Discourse Concerning to New Sciences. But he couldn't get it printed. Before to know the glorious impact of his work in this world, he passed away from the world in 1642.

Florence Nightingale

              Florence Nightingale, the daughter of the wealthy landowner, William Edward Nightingale and Frances ("Fanny") Nightingale nee Smith, was born in Florence, Italy, on 12th May, 1820 and was named after the city of her birth. As a child, Florence was very close to her father, who, without a son, treated her as his friend and companion. He took responsibility for her education and taught her Greek, Latin, French, German, Italian history, philosophy and mathematics.

     

             As a youngster, Nightingale was forced, especially by her mother, to do marriage and have family life. But she deserted Lord Houghton's offer of marriage. Florence refused to marry several suitors, and at the age of twenty-five told her parents she wanted to become a nurse. Her parents were totally opposed to the idea as nursing was associated with working class women. Florence's desire to have a career in medicine was reinforced when she met Elizabeth Blackwell at St. Bartholomew's Hospital in London. Blackwell was the first woman to qualify as a doctor in the united States. Blackwell, who had to overcome considerable prejudice to achieve her ambition, encouraged her t keep trying and in 1851 Florence's father gave her permission to train as a nurse.

              Florence, now thirty-one, went to Kaiserwerth, Germany where she studied to become  nurse at the Institute of Protestant Deaconesses. Two years later she was appointed resident lady superintendent of a hospital for invalid women in Harley Street, London.

             In 1853, Crimean War began and so many soldiers died due to the lack of proper care on wounds. In 1854, the British press began reporting that soldiers wounded in the Crimean War were being poorly cared for in deplorable conditions. Nightingale recruited and equipped a group of nurses and went off to Turkey to help. Her arrival was not celebrated by the surgeons there, who resented the interference of a woman. Undaunted, she worked tirelessly to improve conditions in the hospital. Her changes revolutionized British military medical  care, increasing standards for sanitation and nutrition and dramatically lowering mortality rates. While visiting the front lines, she became ill and never really recovered.

              She commonly used to visit the wounded even in night with a lamp on her hand. She roamed here and there and was present to each soldier. But only few of the soldiers or officials knew about her. So, she was addressed by the lady with lamp. The same identity later became world wide which suggests her unselfish human service.

             In 1856 Florence Nightingale returned to England as a national heroine. She had been deeply shocked by the lack of hygiene and elementary care that the men received in the British Army. Nightingale therefore decided to begin a campaign to improve the quality of nursing in military hospitals. In October, 1856, she had a long interview with Queen Victoria and Prince Albert and the following year gave evidence to the 1857 Sanitary Commission. This  eventually resulted in the formation of the Army Medical College.

              Nightingale held strong opinion on women's rights. In her book Suggestions for thought to Searchers after Religious Truths (1859) she argued strongly for the removal of restrictions that prevented women having careers. In 1859 she helped to establish the first Visiting Nurse association and in 1860, she established a school that became a model for modern nurses training. she was considered an expert on the scientific care of the sick and was asked by the United States for her advice on caring for the wounded soldiers of the Civil War. through correspondence and reports, she contained her influence throughout her last years. she was the first women to receive the British Order of Merit. In 1907 the International Conference of Red cross societies listed her as a pioneer of the Red Cross Movement.

              Florence Nightingale is also credited with developing a form of the pie chart now known as the polar area diagram, or occasionally the Nightingale rose diagram, equivalent to a modern circular histogram to illustrate seasonal sources of patient mortality in the military field hospital she managed. In her later life Nightingale made a comprehensive statistical study of sanitation in Indian rural life and was the leading figure in the introduction of improved medical are and public health service in India. In 1859 Nightingale was elected the first female member of the Royal Statistical society and she later became an honorary member of the American Statistical Association.

            Florence Nightingale, who was known by the British soldiers in the Crimea as the "lady with the lamp" because of the late hours that she worked tending to the sick and wounded, is remembered today as a symbol of selfless caring and tireless service. In later life Florence Nightingale suffered from poor health and in 1859 went blind. soon afterwards, the loss of other faculties meant she had to receive full-time nursing. Although a complete invalid she lived another fifteen years before her death in London on 13th August, 1910.

Fidel Castro

              He remained controversial in this world most of the time. Due to his determination and devotion, he could challenge the  world powers. He believed that the ever more sophisticated weapons piling up in the arsenals of the wealthiest and the mightiest can kill the illiterate, the ill, the poor and the hungry, but they cannot kill ignorance, illness, poverty or hunger.

             such a figure is Fidel Castro. He was born as Fidel Alejandro Castro Ruz on August 13, 1926, near his father's farm, Biran, in southeast Cuba. Castro's father, Angel Castro, was an immigrant from Spain who had prospered in Cuba as a sugarcane farmer. Although Castro's father, Angel, was married to Maria Luisa Argota (not Castro's mother), who worked for him as a maid and cook. Years later, Angel and Lina did marry.

            Fidel Castro spent his youngest years on his father's farm, but spent most of his youth in Catholic boarding schools, excelling at sports. In 1945, Castro began law school at the University of Havana and quickly became involved in politics. In 1947, Castro joined the Caribbean Legion, a group of political exiles from Caribbean countries who planned to rid the Caribbean of dictator-led governments. When Castro Joined, the Legion was planning to overthrow Generalissimo Rafael Trujillo of the Dominican Republic but the plan was later canceled because of international pressure.

             In 1950, Castro graduated from law school and began practicing law. Retaining a strong interest in politics, Castro became a candidate for a seat in Cuba's House of Representatives during the election of June 1952. However, the fair election failed, Castro began to organize an under ground group of rebels.

           Castro formed an armed rebellion group and fought against Batista government. On that course, he was sentenced to jail for many years. In 1955, he traveled to Mexico organizing the "26th of July Movement" with the intention of starting a revolution. Using guerrilla warfare tactics, Castro and his supporters attacked batista's forces, overtaking town after town. Batista quickly lost popular support and suffered numerous defeats. On January 1, 1959, Batista fled Cuba.

             After the fall of Batista, Castro was placed in charge of the military. However, by July 1959, Castro had effectively taken over as leader of Cuba,which he remained for the next four decades. During 1959 and 1960, Castro made radical changes in Cuba, including nationalizing industry, collectivizing agriculture, and seizing American-owned businesses and farms. Also during these two years, Castro alienated the United States and established strong ties with the Soviet Union. Castro transformed Cuba into a communist country. The United States wanted Castro out of power. In one attempt to overthrow Sastro, the U.S. sponsored the failed incursion of Cuban-exiles into Cuba in April 1961. Over the years, the U.S. has made hundreds of attempts to assassinate Castro, all with no success.

           Over the next four decades, Castro ruled Cuba as a dictator. While some Cubans benefited from Castro's educational and land reforms, others suffered from the food shortages and lack of personal freedoms. hundreds of thousands of Cubans have fled to live in the united States. In July 2006, Castro announced that he was temporarily handing over power to his brother, Raul. Since in 1959, Fidel Castro took control of Cuba by force and remained its dictatorial leader for nearly five decades. As the leader of the only communist country in the Western Hemisphere, Castro has been the focus of international controversy. The socialist president of Venezuela Hugo Chavez is a grand admirer of Castro and Bolivian president Evo Morales called him the "Grandfather." In Harlem, Castro is seen as an icon.

Diego Maradona

                  He was a strategist and a team player, as well as highly technical with the ball. he could manage himself effectively in limited spaces, and wold attract defenders only to quickly dash out of the melee or give an assist to a free teammate. being short, but strong, he could hold the ball long enough with a defender on his back to wait for a teammate making a run or to find a gap for a quick shot.

                Such a dynamic and skilled footballer is Diego Armando Maradona born in Lanus, Argentina but raised in Villa Fiorito, to a poor family that had moved from Corrientes Province. He was the first son after three daughters. He has two brothers, both of whom were also professional football players. at age 10, Maradona was spotted bu a talent scout while he was playing in his neighborhood club Estrella Roja. He became a staple of Los Cebollitas (The Little Onions), the junior team of Buenos Aires's Argentinos Juniors. As a 12-years-old ball bay, he amused spectators by showing his wizardry with the ball during the halftime intermissions of first division games.

             On 20 October 1976, Maradona made his professional debut with Argentinos Juniors, only ten days before his sixteenth birthday. He played there between 1976 and 1981, before his transfer to Boca Juniors. After the 1982 World Cup, in June, Maradona was transferred to FC Barcelona in Spain for a then world record 5m. In 1983, under coach Cesar Luis Mentti, Barcelona and Maradona won the Copa del Rey (Spain's annual national cup competition), beating Real Madrid, and the Spanish Super Cup beating Athletic de Bilbao. Then onwards his demand was increased everywhere.

             In 1984, Maradona was transferred to SSC Napoli in Italy's Serie A. In Napoli, he reached the peak of his professional career. He quickly become an adored star among the clubs fans, and in his time there he elevated the team to the most successful era in its history. Led by Maradona, Napoli won their only Italian Championships in 1986/87 and 1989/1990. Maradona was the top scorer in Serie A in 1987/88.

              Maradona made his ful international debut at age 16, against Hungary on 27 February 1977. At age 18, he played the World Youth Championship for Argentina, and was the star of the tournament. Maradona played his first World Cup tournament in 1982. He captained the Argentine national team to victory in the 1986 FIFA World Cup, winning the final in Mexico against West Germany. Throughout the 1986 World Cup, Maradona asserted his dominance and was the most dynamic player of the tournament.

              Maradona had a compact physique and could withstand physical pressure well. His strong legs and low center of gravity gave him an advantage in short sprints. His physical strengths were illustrated by his two goals against Belgium in the 1986 World Cup. One of Maradona's trademark moves was dribbling full-speed as a left wing, and on reaching the opponent's goal line, delivering lethally accurate passes to his teammates. Another trademark was the Rabona, a reverse-cross pass shot behind the leg that holds all the weight. He was also a dangerous free kick taker.

             Maradona is considered one of th most controversial and newsworthy figures of sports. In a side he is a matter of world concern for football but on the other he is criticized for political controversy and his personal misdeeds. After being a pubic figure, he has to be conscious even in his personal activities too. He is the property of  the world and an example for the new comers. Regarding this fact his former teammate asserts:

            "He is someone many people want to emulate, a controversial figure, loved, hated, who stirs great upheaval, especially in Argentina.... Stressing his personal life is a mistake. Maradona has no peers inside the pitch, but he has turned his life into a show, and is now living a personal ordeal that should not be imitated."

             Mardona was convicted in a doping test where he failed and was banned to play. this led his career a it back from his height. Even after his conviction over he could not play his active match. He was being older and older day by day. Over the years following  his retirement his health seriously deteriorated. When Maradona resumed public appearances shortly thereafter, he displayed a notably thinner figure.

              From political point of view as well, Maradona stands as a controversal figure. He became friends with fidel castro and a supporter of Venezuelan President Hugo Chavez. He said, "I believe in Chavez, I am Chaviasta. Everything Fidel does, everything Chavez does, for me is the best." He has declared his opposition to imperialism, notably during the 2005 Summit of the Americas in Mar del Plata, Argentina. There he protested George W. Bush's presence in Argentina, wearing a T-shirt labeled "STOP BUSH" and referring to Bush as "human garbage".

             Though he falls on controversy, he desires to be cleaned by making the national team in a height. so, he desired to be a coach of the team. After the resignation of Argentina national football team coach Alfio Basile in 2008, Diego Maradona immediately proposed his candidacy for the vacant role. On October 29, 2008, AFA chairman Julio Grondona confirmed that Maradona would he the head coach of the national side from December 2008. And now the national team is progressing under his tutorship.

        Despite his some controversies, Maradona is one of the top most figures of international spots. that is why, football fans took him as their blood. When FIFA conducted a fan poll on the Internet in 2000, to elect the Player of the Century, he finished top of the poll with 53.6% of the vote. In 2001, the Argentine Football Association (AFA) asked FIFA for authorization to retire the jersey number 10 for Maradona. He remains to be an icon for the new generation.

Dennis Tito

                  He wanted to do something new. To him, this world is full of challenge and only those could be a successful man who dared to face those challenges. He, too, wanted to be a complete human being by facing the challenge. And to him, this challenge became a source of new exploration. It was April 28, 2001 at 07:45 GMT, he, along with other colleagues, left the Earth and made his target to the unlimited space.

                  And he was Dennis Tito, a United States multimillionaire and the first space tourist. Tito has a Bachelor of Science in Astronautics and Aeronautics from New York University, and a Master of Science in Engineering Science from Rensselaer Polytechnic Institute satellite campus in Hartford, Connecticut. He is a member of Psi Upsilon and received an honorary doctorate of engineering from Rensselaer Polytechnic Institute on 18 May 2002 and is a former scientist of the NASA Jet Propulsion Laboratory. In 1972, he founded Wilshire Associates, a leading provider of investment management, consulting and technology services in Santa Monica, California. Despite a career change from aerospace engineering to investment management, Tito remained interested in space exploration.

                 In a project first arranged by MirCorp, Tito was accepted by the Russian Federal Space Agency as a candidate. Tito met criticism from NASA before the launch considering him "un-American" for using the Russian Soyuz as his ticket to space. When Tito arrived at the Johnson Space Center for additional training on the American sections of the ISS, Robert cabana. NASA manager, sent Tito and his two fellow cosmonauts home, stating "....We will not be able to begin training, because we are not willing to train with Dennis Tito."

              But still he did not lose his patience and kept his determination firmed. Later, through an arrangement with space tourism company Space Adventures, Ltd., Tito joined Soyuz TM-32 on April 28, 2001, spending 7 days, 22 hours, 4 minutes in space and orbiting Earth 128 times. Tito performed several scientific experiments in orbit that he said would be use full for his company and business. Tito paid a reported $12 million.

            Either a way, Tito completed his mission and in mid-2001 he spent nearly eight days in orbit on Soyuz TM-32, the International Space Station, and Soyuz TM-31. he not only achieved his goal he opened the way to all other astronauts.

Dalai Lama

             Dalai Lama as Tenzin Gyatso, was born Lhamo Dhondrub on 6 July 1935, in a small village called Taktser in northeastern Tibet. He is oftern called "His Holiness" by Westerners, although  this does not translate to a Tibetan title. Tibetans may refer to him by epithets such as Gyalwa Rinpoche, meaning "Precious Victor", or Yishin Norbu, meaning "Wish-fulfilling Jewel." His Holiness the 14th Dalai Lama Tenzin Gyatso, is the head of state and spiritual leader of the Tibetan people. Born to a peasant family, His Holiness was recognized at the age of two, in accordance with Tibetan tradition, as the reincarnation fo his predecessor the 13th Dalai Lama, and thus an incarnation Avalokitesvara, the Buddha of Compassion. The Dalai Lamas are the manifestations of the Bodhisattva (Buddha) of Compassion, who chose to reincarnate to serve the people.

            "Dalai" means "Ocean" in Mongolian, and is a translation of the Tibetan name "Gyatso," while "Lama" is the Tibetan equivalent of the Sanskrit word wisdom. Putting the terms together, the full title Dalai Lama becomes "Ocean Teacher" meaning a teacher who is spiritually as deep as the ocean. The Dalai Lama is a lineage of religious leaders of the Gelug school of Tibetan Buddhism. The Dalai  Lamas were also the political leaders of Lhasa-based Tibetan government between the 17th century and 1959. "Lama" is a general term referring to Tibetan Buddhist teachers.

             His Highness Dalai Lama began his education at the age of six and completed the Geshe Lharampa Degree (Doctorate of Buddhist Philosophy) when he was 25 in 1959. At 24, he took the preliminary examinations at each of the three monastic universities: Drepung, Sera and Ganden. On November 17, 1950, His Highness The Dalai Lama is often thought to be the head of the Gelug School.

Columbus

                    His friends were worried about the upcoming situation that would be the great disaster. They were about to throw him down and sailed back to be safe. But he had the faith and confidece in his measures; and pleaded to his friends whether they wouldn't get any land surface within three days, they should take action over him. But still after long effort, there were no any sign of new land. They were about to loose their hope of life because the stuff was almost finished. Fortunately one of the captains screamed with joy in the morning of 12 Oct. 1492. They sailed to te land and landed over there. He thanked to the God and his friends.

     

                 The same daring navigator was Charistopher columbus, born in 1451 in a wool weaving family of Genoa, Italy. His real name was Domenico Colombo. Due to the English Pronunciation his name colombo later on turned into Columbus.

                Since his childhood Columbus was laborious. due to the financial burden he did get little schooling. he had to help his father in wool weaving. That's why, he grew into a strong, sturdy and hard working man. He often went to sea with fishing fleets. Slowly and gradually he himself made him able to make a voyage to the North American coast. Thus, he learned seamanship and sailing that made him an ambitious navigator and sailor.

               Columbus was surely brilliant. His brilliance was manifested in many ways. An excellent navigator and a capable, experienced seaman, he plotted a route to the 'Indies' that was correct in many ways. During the time the Portuguese and Spanish explorer dreamt about the westward route to a new land so that so the fabulously valuable products could be bought direct from those who grew them by creating a monopoly of trade and profits. but leaving them behind, Columbus reached at the seashore of the Bahama Island and explored the native land.

               Columbus had the belief that sailing westward and to cross Atlantic Ocean meant to reach at India. He was determined and desirous to got Asia specially India. For that, on august 3, 1492, Columbus set out to explore India from the port of Palos with his small fleet of three ships named Nina, Pinta and Santa Maria among with other two captains. After three days sail, they reached at an island named Canary, where they spent some days and again set out for India.

               Columbus was set out for India but reached at west Indies. But still he was not so worried about it. But the hope  of getting treasures was on vain. So, worried about it. But the hope of getting treasures was on vain. So, pager sometime, his expedition team set back to Europe. Instead of getting benefited by by jewelries and treasures, he had to loss lots of his teammates and Santa Maria. But still not being frustrated, Columbus recollected his strength and along with 17 ships and 1200 other people be began his second journey because his mission was to explore India  and to be benefited by treasured. In this course, he only explored the countries like Dominia, Putorica, Jamaica Martinica, Cuba but not any precious thing which mad not to be interested anymore to sponsor him.

              During the course of exploration, when he set out for the third time and reached at Venezuela, the Spaniards were already started to settle there. They suspected over him and arrested him for sometime. he was called back to Spain and released by Royal highness recollecting his great achievements. But still he wan not well honored by Royal palace because he failed to win the heart of Royal palace as he failed to get the passage to Asia. He just returned back to Spain broken in health and spirit leaving his expedition incomplete and open ended. His dream to explore India or route to Asia was still a threat until India was not discovered by Vasco da Gama (1462-1524) in May 1498. he might just get the news of the discovery of India before he died in May 26, 1506.

            

Charlie Chaplin

              Once, there held an action competition. The participants had to imitate the action of Charlie Chaplin. Many people took part on it. Among them one was unknown to others because he took part bu pseudo name. he acted as Charlie but stood third on competition.

              That participant was non-other than Charlie Chaplin himself. While taking part on his own imitation is also a great art. then onwards, he widely used to imitate and refined himself. Charles Spencer Chaplin, Jr. was born on 16 April 1889, in east Street, London. His parents were both entertainers in the music hall tradition. His father was a vocalist and an actor and his mother, a singer and an actress. He learned singing from his parents. Chaplin's father, Charles Chaplin and his half-brother briefly lived with their father.

              Charlie was brought up in terrible poverty. He could not give continuity in school. since his childhood he used to ask for alms on the streets. For it he had to amuse people bu singing, dancing, imitating and doing caricature of others. but there, he was best known as a comic actor. After 1901, he had been suffered a lot by poverty. He searched various types of job everywhere. On that course, he accepted the job whatever he found.

              Charlie's fortune was slowly opened when the entered into the arts and acting where he developed his tramp character and very quickly learned the art and craft of film making. The tramp was first presented to the public when Chaplin was 24.

               His earlier films were all mute. But he was successful to let the meaning and message through his acting. Slowly, he became a good script writer and director as well. he made numerous mute films. Chaplin had his major successes in the United States and was a resident from 1914 to 1952. In 1952, Chaplin left the US fro what was intended as a brief trip home to the united Kingdom for the London but he decided not to re-enter the United States. He stated the reasons.

                ".......since the end of the last world war, I have been the object of lies and propaganda by powerful reactionary groups who, by their influence and by the aid of America's yellow press, have created an unhealthy atmosphere in which liberal-minded individuals can be singled out and persecuted. Under these conditions I find it virtually impossible to continue my motion-picture work and I have therefore given up my residence in the United States."

              Chaplin then made his home in Vevey, Swizerland. he briefly and triumphantly returned to the United states in April 1972, with his wife, to receive an Honorary Oscar, and also to discuss how his films would be re-released and marketed. He was welcomed warmly. From 1969 until 1976, Chaplin wrote original music compositions and scores for his silent pictures and re-released them. His fame slowly spread everywhere. Regarding his contribution in the field of film, he was widely honored. Chaplin was named in the New Year's Honors List in 1975. On 4 March, he was knighted at age eighty-five as a Knight Commander of the British empire by Queen Elizabeth II.

              Chaplin's robust health began to slowly fail in the late 1960s, after the completion of his final film A Countess from Hong Kong, and more rapidly after he received his Academy Award in 1972. He died in his sleep in Vevey, Switzerland. On 1 March 1978, his corpse was stolen by a small group of Swiss mechanics in a tempt to extort money from his family. the plot failed, the robbers were captured, and the corpse was recovered eleven weeks later near Lake Geneva. His body was reburied under two meters of concrete to prevent further attempts.

Charles Darwin

                  He said that evolution is obvious and everywhere evident. Nations evolve as they respond to challenges from other nations and from nature. Friendships evolve, ideas evolve. It is even obvious the particular animal species have evolved. Thus we now have scores of breeds of dogs, where once, there was only one or two. So the every species have evolved making its contemporaries shocked. And human being is also not and exception. He gets his evolution since long and has been evolved from the species of ape not from the direct mercy of God.

                 The some figure who declared the ancestors of human being were the Apes, Was Charles Darwin, an English biologist and scientist. He was born on Feb. 12, 1809 at Hrewsbury, England, as the grandson of the eccentric evolutionists Erasmus Darwin and as a son of well-known physicist Robert Darwin. He had to face no difficulties in his childhood though his mother was expired when he was eight years old.

                 Darwin was only an average scholar. he was more interested in collecting of insects and earthworms than in his regular studies. So, he couldn't do well in school. But he was epidemic in study of insects since his teens. As a result, in his sixteen, he was sent to the University of Edinburgh to study medicine, but he did show no interest there at all. And after all he was sent to Cambridge to study about mythology from where he did graduation in 1831 at all. But the same Cambridge became the turning point in his life where he met a professor and by getting his reference he had got a golden opportunity to be appointed as a naturalist on HMS Beagle to survey the wild life South America.

                During his five years in beagle (Dec. 1831-Oct. 1836), Darwin began to develop the ideas about evolution and the origin of species through many significant experiments and examinations of all types of geological formations, fossils and the various plants and animals. On the basis of his minute observation he published The Origin of Species in 1859 where he explained that all kinds of living things have developed from very few simple forms through natural selection among variations. He claimed that origin of species from a few common ancestors happened million of years ago and this process of evolution still continues.

               Similarly, his theory of the Survival of the fittest" brought a drastic change of people's thought and brought a storm in the field of science. He claimed that all living beings must compete with on another in order to survive and exist. In a sense all living beings are the rival to each other. His theory is still interpreted enthusiastically but somehow differently. But the extinction of Dianocer really supports his theory 'survival of the fittest'. His theory along with competition supports the adequate environment to be here in this world.

              Darwin's theory of evolution and the theory of survival further paved the way to the new scientists. he is widely remembered in the study of heredity as well. Now it has been an established truth that the traits are determined by the transformation of genes from one generation to another. But it gets its change from time to time. The change in genes also causes a variation in a trait. So the living beings exist and pass into new generation, only if he change is favorable to survive and struggle for existence. Otherwise, the certain species gets its sudden end or extinction from the universe. Later on the basis of this same theory modern men develop the concepts of might is right, and interpret on their behalf.

         Such an undaunting figure, Charles  Robert Darwin, passed away on 9 Apr. 1982 at Downe, kent, England. He was honored through the presence of the world's greatest celebrities in his funeral ceremony and by laying the graves on besides of Sir Isaac Newton in west-minister Abbey.

Bruce Lee

                That day, he was just 13; a mob severely beat him on the way. He had no guilt nor he did any mistake but still he was beaten. It made him worried. So, he determined to be admitted in Kung Fu class to protect any kinds of attack. He used to run for long in the morning; rode bicycle for kilometers; and do hard labor. Due to the devotion and practice, his body automatically changed as the iron. The extraordinary powers and strikes were produced in his kicks. But he did not misuse his strength, rather used it into the help of old, weak and needy people by making the mob defeated and frightened. that made him renowned, intimate and kind among people.
         
                   The same kind hearted fellow to weak and old people but arrogant to the wild mob was Bruce Lee. He was born on November 27, 1940, at the Chinese Hospital in San Francisco's Chinatown as Lee Jun Fan. His father, Lee Hoi-Chuen, was Chinese, and his Catholic mother, Grace Ho, was of Chinese and German ancestry. Lee and his parents returned to Hong Kong when he was three months old. There is uncertainty about his citizenship. He was definitely a US citizen, and he may have been a Chinese citizen and a British subject as well (as Hong Kong people were British subjects during his childhood).

                   Bruce Lee was admitted in the primary school division of La Salle College for his primary schooling. But due to poor academic performance and or possibly poor conduct as well, he was transferred to St. Francis Xavier's College (high school).

                 At the age of 18 and half, Lee returned to the U.S as a native-born citizen, with $100 in his pocket and the titles of 1957 High School Boxing Champion and 1958 Crown Colony Cha Champion of Hong Kong, to further his education. In December 1960, Lee completed is high school education and received his diploma from Edison Technical School. He then enrolled at the University of washington in March 1961 majoring in drama, and likely also took courses in philosophy, psychology, and various other subjects. It ws at the University of Washington that he met his future wife Linda emery, whom he would marry in August 1964. Bruce Lee abandoned his university education, never been graduated, in the spring of 1964 and moved to Oakland to live with James Yimm Lee, a well known Chinese martial artist in the bay area, who made Bruce Lee joined to co-found the second Jun Fan martial art studio in Oakland.

                Lee's father Hoi-Chuen was a famous Cantonese Opera star. thus, through his father, Bruce was introduced into films at a very young age and appeared in several short black-and-white films as a child. While in the United States from 1959-1964, Lee abandoned thoughts of a  film career in favor of pursuing martial arts. But when William Dozier invited Lee for an audition, Lee so impressed the producers with his lightning-fast moves and again his film career ran forward. Then, he made his several performances on various serials and films having short roles. But in 1973, when Lee played the lead role in enter the Dragon, it would lead Lee to fame in the U.S. and Europe. However, only a few months after the film's completion and three weeks before its release, the supremely fit Lee mysteriously died. enter the Dragon would go on to become on of the year's highest grossing films and cement Lee as a martial arts legend.

                Lee's first introduction to martial arts was through his father, Lee Hoi Cheun. He learned the fundamentals of Wu style tai chi chuan from his father. lee trained in Wing Chun Kung Fu from age 13-18 under Hong Kong Wing Chun Sifu Yip Man. Bruce was also trained in Western boxing and won the 1958 Boxing championship. In addition, Bruce learned western fencing techniques from his brother Peter Lee, who was champion fencer at the time. this multi-faceted exposure to different fighting arts would later play an influence in the creation of the eclectic martial art jeet Kune Do.

Bob Marley

                  At his ten, one day, he was thinking about something,  woman came there and insisted him to tell her future. He rejected her request and said, "I want to be a singer not a fortune teller."

                   That determined lad was Bob Marley, a revolutionary singe, musician and the lyricist. He was born on Feb. 6, 1945 in the small village of Nine Mile in Saint Ann Parish, Jamaica as Nesta Robert Marley. His father Norval Sinclair Marley was a white Scottish Jamaican. Norval was Marine officer and captain, as well as a plantation overseer and his mother, Cedella Booker, was an Afro-Jamaican. Norval provided financial support for his wife and child, but seldom saw them. In 1955, when Marley was 10 years old, his father died of a heart attack at age 60. Marley suffered racial prejudice as a youth, because of his mixed racial origins and faced questions about his own racial identity throughout his life.

                  Although Marley recognized his mixed ancestry, throughout his life and because of his beliefs, he self-identified as a black African. In his songs, Marley sings about the struggles of black and Africans against oppression from the West. Marley became friends with Bunny Wailer, with whom he started to play music. He left school at the age of 14 to make music with Joe Higgs, a local singer and devout Rastafari, a form of religion originated from Etheopia, whose culture was a key element in the development of reggae music. In 1962, Marley recorded his first two singles, "Judge Not" and "One Cup of Coffee". Other songs, released on the pseudonym of Bobby Martell, attracted little attention.

                  In 1963, Bob Marley along with other friends formed a band through which he used to arouse the sense of revolt against suppression through his songs. His songs became the means seeking justice, identity and equality among the blacks and whites. He played lots of music and sang songs which directly controlled international arena, too. In 1975, Marley had his international breakthrough with his first hit outside Jamaica, "No Woman, No Cry". But in December 1976, Marley along with his wife was wounded in an assault by unknown gunmen inside Marley's home. Bob Marley received minor wounds in the chest and arm.

                 Unfortunately, in July 1977, Marley was found to have aural litigious melanoma, a form of malignant amputation, because of the Rastafari belief that the body must be "whole." True to this belief Marley went against all surgical possibilities and sought out other means that would not break his religious beliefs. Slowly it changed into a vital cancer. the cancer then spread to Marley's brain, lungs, liver, and stomach. Finally, the spread of melanoma to his lungs and brain caused his death on May 11, 1981, at the age of 36 at Cedars of Lebanon Hospital in Miami, Florida.

              Marley received a state funeral in Jamaica on May 21, 1981, which combined elements of Ethiopian Orthodoxy and Rastafari tradition. He was buried in a chapel near his birthplace. A month before his death, he had also been awarded the Jamaican Order of Merit. Marley was inducted into th Rock and Roll Hall of Fame in 1994. Time magazine chose Bob Marley & The Wailer's Exodus, the album, as the greatest album, as the greatest album of the 20th century. In 2001, Marley was posthumously awarded the Grammy Lifetime Achievement Award, and a feature-length documentary about his life, Rebel Music. In 2006, the State of New York renamed a portion of Church Avenue from Remsen Avenue to East 98th Street in the East Flatbush section of Brooklyn "Bob Marley Boulevard". Anyway, a freedom fighter got a great honor and reputation from the world and, nowadays, his dream of getting equality is receiving its true sense. He is an icon and a source of inspiration to all the marginalized people of this world.